The illustration develops the debate within the medieval Church tending to update ecclesiastical structures (Conciliarism and Catholic Reformation) before illustrating the ethical and theological themes proposed by the Protestant Reformation and exposing the aroused controversies and the produced socio-political changes. The Catholic Church was therefore forced to convene the Council of Trent to define its position through resolutions which, underlining the doctrinal differences compared to the Protestant choices, evaded the attempt to resolve the conflicts that have emerged. After the Council, a movement spread within the Church. This, defined Catholic Counter-Reformation, was characterized by an intransigent conservatism and, through the Congregation of the Holy Roman and Universal Inquisition, took on the task of recovering Catholic orthodoxy through the condemnation of any deviation from the doctrine. Symbols of the crusade against the dissent were the Inquisition trials which led to the Giordano Bruno's burning, the Tommaso Campanella's imprisonment and the Galileo Galilei's abjuration.